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《风味人间4·谷物星球》：探讨谷物世界里的生活美学******

　　作者：郑小异（西安交通大学城市学院艺术系讲师）

　　近日，《风味人间4·谷物星球》热播，吸引众多观众追看。与前三季相比，谷物成为贯穿本季的主角，“麦浪涌万年”“稻香阡陌里”“黍粟本嘉禾”等六集内容拓宽了人们对谷物的理解。麦子、稻米、玉米等家常作物，与谷物息息相关的食物如芋头、茭白、菱角，以及能够为人类提供碳水化合物的多种植物悉数亮相，书写了一段在时间长河中与人类互动的影像故事。

　　这部作品结合纵深的历史视野和宽广的文化视野，将谷物的发展历程娓娓道来。比如在“麦浪涌万年”一集中，创作者着重讲述“麦”的发展历程。镜头首先抵达约旦河西岸一片肥沃的土地，造访人类最早驯化小麦的地方。然后又带观众来到戈兰高地，了解今天小麦的远祖野生二粒小麦的特点。而在“稻香阡陌里”一集探寻“稻”的历史时，创作者从亚洲说到了美洲，又说到了欧洲，详细梳理着稻米的前世今生。

　　作为农耕文明古国，中国人对谷物的情感，早已浑然天成、深入骨髓，世界各国人民与谷物之间亦有一种载入基因的情感与默契。《风味人间4·谷物星球》以谷物美食作为破题点，在探寻中外丰富美食文化中，观照美食背后所共通的人类情感。在讲述“豆”的故事时，纪录片里既有我国西藏地区的人们经年累月与榼藤子相处的故事，也有远在中美洲墨西哥尤卡坦州的米格尔采用利马豆、豇豆制作美食，为全家人提供爱与滋养的故事。在讲述“麦”的故事中，澳门的阿龙坚持利用传统制面方式，3000余次重复的“下压、移动、再下压”让竹升面初具雏形。浙江富阳人则剥离面粉中的淀粉制成面筋，包裹馅料油炸，一时间香气四溢。还有广东人选择被称为“澄面”的无筋面粉制作美食，方有了绿茵兔仔饺的玲珑剔透。无论从哪一种作物出发，纪录片都让观众从小小的风味世界中感受大大的人类世界运转，透过这些故事窥见农业诞生至今的一万年中人类与食物之间的故事。

　　尽管相隔万里，人们对谷物的热爱让不同民族和饮食文化有了情感连接点。正如《风味人间》系列纪录片导演陈晓卿所说：“不是我们赋予食物文化，而是食物本身就自带着文化，人们的许多生活印记都可以从食物中得到答案。比如小麦，往西传，遇到了火变成了比萨面包；往东传，遇到了水变成了馒头面条。东西方文化的差异，可能就和小麦的不同境遇有很大关系。可以说，食物就是人类文化的支点。”所以，探讨饮食文化与民风民俗如何相互形塑，也是该纪录片的重要议题。如第二集“稻香阡陌里”中，从祭祀活动上一碗乌米饭之于郑良美家的寓意，到黔西南一个村镇规模的集市里米粉所承载的情感，在抓饭、红曲米等由稻米制成的不同食物之外，纪录片围绕大大小小民俗节日呈现着食物与人的日常互动，把四季轮回浓缩在一碗饭、一碗粉乃至一瓶醋中，让人观之回味无穷。

　　随着谷物的种植、采收、加工、烹饪、品尝，观众看到了生活哲学、食物美学，感受到了人间烟火和文化律动，获得了心灵慰藉和情感疏导。《风味人间4·谷物星球》不失为纪录片领域又一精良制作，为美食纪录片创新发展提供了有益借鉴。

　　《光明日报》（ 2023年01月04日 15版）

中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

　　中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。

　　2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

　　日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

　　日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

　　事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。

　　因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。

　　日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

　　《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

　　德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

　　日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

　　国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。

　　太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。

　　Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

　　By John Lee

　　(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

　　Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

　　The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

　　On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

　　The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

　　In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

　　Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

　　The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

　　The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

　　The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

　　According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

　　As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

　　However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

　　Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

　　The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

　　If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.